Pearsons Married Pearsons Tertiary Working Yes Discussion The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a novel questionnaire that examines several dimensions of daily living. As stated in the background, the items were based on the authors experience with collecting qualitative data in the context of conducting stress management programs in different healthy or diseased populations.
As such, we intended that this questionnaire, Healthy Lifestyle and Personal Control Questionnaire HLPCQ , would measure the lifestyle pattern of individuals who have increased control over their health, indicating their degree of empowerment, which is the main goal of contemporary health promotion programs.
The PCA analysis resulted in five factors that were named and interpreted and names as follows: 1. Dietary Healthy Choices: representing control over food quantity and quality, 2. Dietary Harm Avoidance: representing control over food temptations, such as stress-eating, binge-eating, soft drink and fast-food consumption, 3.
Daily Routine: representing the individuals control over consistent timing of meals and sleep, 4. Organized Physical Exercise: representing the tendency to follow scheduled organized physical exercise and 5. Social and Mental Balance: representing the individuals inclination to socialize, balance leisure and personal time and adopt positive thinking or cognitive control over stressors. All factors were significantly positively related to each other, which indicates that they collectively represent the degree of empowerment and self- efficacy that a person possesses.
In the absence of a similar questionnaire, validation was based on measures of perceived stress and health locus of control. As presented in the Results section, perceived stress and internal HLC were significantly correlated with all the aforementioned subscales and the total score, which also indicates that a high HLPCQ score adequately reflects the lifestyle pattern of a self-efficacious, empowered individual.
To our knowledge, there is no other instrument that directly assesses routine. The concept of DR derives from the principal regular framework of a day, which certainly consists of eating and sleeping. The words at the same time each day, scheduled program or not losing meals apparently denote a regularity that is crucial for expressing routine. Circadian rhythms are centrally within the central nervous system and peripherally within cells regulated and stress hormones mediate the overall control [26].
Disruption of daily rhythms is a major stressor that affects physiology and, over time, leads to disease [26]. In contrast, adherence to a daily program reduces stress levels and negative emotions and favors a less reward-seeking behavior e. A good surrogate marker for the integrity of circadian rhythms is sleep quality [26, 27, 28]. Therefore, in support of the validity of our questionnaire, sleep quality was positively correlated with HLPCQ scores and particularly with DR.
Concerning sociodemographic variables, our results indicate that women, unmarried people, non-smokers and normal-weighted individuals have higher HLPCQ scores. Specifically, women score higher for the DHC and SaMB subscales indicating their higher interest in healthy diet, socialization and self-control over their thoughts. These findings agree with previous reports that women are more adherent to healthy diets partly attributable to womens greater weight control involvement and partly to their stronger beliefs in healthy eating [29] and that they tend to utilize social support and distraction to cope with stress [30].
Regarding marital status, previous studies show that unmarried people seem to follow a more pro-active lifestyle, although the results of other studies contradict this trend [31, 32, 33]. Transitions in marital status e. In our study, a majority of unmarried individuals were younger Finally, we believe that our results in smokers and overweight persons indicate reward-seeking behavior through nicotine or stress eating that has been confirmed in previous reports [6].
Surprisingly, the presence of disease was not correlated with HLPCQ, although better health assessment did correlate with better scores. One explanation could be that the latter is more intuitive and indicative of someones control over health-related activities, while the former does not preclude an empowered individual. We realize that this study has a number of limitations. First, items were selected based on personal experience and qualitative investigations conducted our team, thus it is possible that some relevant aspects of daily living were not included.
Second, no confirmatory factor analysis was performed, which could have further validated our results. Third, the generalization of our results is hampered by our sampling method; participants were not, selected randomly convenience sample and did not represent certain regions of Attica.
However, our sample was large and quite representative of the adult population, at least with respect to age, gender and education.
Finally, due to practical issues no test-retest reliability assessment was performed. The tool was designed to address health-related daily activities that collectively reflect the degree of empowerment a person has and not to record only healthy lifestyle habits, which is the rule within modern studies. This instrument incorporates a novel idea, Daily Routine that, as described above, reflects biological and physical well-being of the human body.
Finally, the questionnaire is short and easily to administer, so we encourage researchers devoted to health promotion to use it. The questionnaire is now available in the Greek language, thus interested researchers who we will provide them the questionnaire upon request should follow the same strategy of validation.
Further future comparisons with other tools concerning health promotion and psychological measures is strongly encouraged. We hope that the use of the HLPCQ in future research will better explain the efficacy of health promotion interventions by addressing the crucial factors of stress and self-control in terms of actual daily activities, which represent them. CD and ECA conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination and helped to interpret and draft the manuscript. AKA did the statistical analyses, interpretation and writing of the manuscript.
XT has been involved in data acquisition, drafting and revising the manuscript. CK contributed to data acquisition, statistical analyses, writing and interpretation of the results. PD contributed to data acquisition and interpretation. GPC participated in the study design and interpretation of the results. All authors were involved in the design of the questionnaire.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References 1. Weisburger JH: Lifestyle, health and disease prevention: the underlying mechanisms. Eur J Cancer Prev. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Beaglehole R, Yach D: Globalisation and the prevention and control of non- communicable disease: the neglected chronic diseases of adults.
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Curr Opin Psychiatry. A prospective study of changes in marital status and fitness in men and women. Am J Epidemiol. Korean J Fam Med. J Epidemiol Community Health. Copyright Darviri et al. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Uploaded by Don Chiaw Manongdo. Document Information click to expand document information Description: healthy lifestyle and personal control questionnaire.
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Jump to Page. Search inside document. Keywords Health Lifestyle Wellbeing Empowerment Daily routine Background To date, numerous environmental health-related lifestyle factors have been extensively studied, such as dietary habits, substance abuse e. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors contributions CD and ECA conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination and helped to interpret and draft the manuscript. PubMedGoogle Scholar 2. View ArticleGoogle Scholar PubMedGoogle Scholar Google Scholar Evelyn Villanueva.
Cory Limberger. Continuing Education at the University of Vermont. Linh Pham. Riski Wahyudi Lasarika. Don Chiaw Manongdo. Krishna Sapkota. Rebecca Morris. Sandip Wankhede. Muhammad Awais. Thach Ngo. More From Don Chiaw Manongdo. Navneet Soni. Aimee Berba. Elvin Michaels. Narayan Kafle. Hermeneutic Phenomenological Research Method. Mhel Es Quiad. Popular in Education. Karla Itzel Alegria Jimenez.
Rahul Sharma. Susana Cuentas. John lemon. The aim of this study is to validate a novel measurement tool, the Healthy Lifestyle and Personal Control Questionnaire HLPCQ , which aims to assess the concept of empowerment through a constellation of daily activities. METHODS: Therefore, we performed principal component analysis PCA of 26 items that were derived from the qualitative data of several stress management programs conducted by our research team.
All subscales showed satisfactory internal consistency and variance, relative to theoretical score ranges. Subscale scores and the total score were significantly correlated with perceived stress and health locus of control, implying good criterion validity. Associations with sociodemographic data and other variables, such as sleep quality and health assessments, were also found. Advanced Search.
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